The Jacobean pulpit in St Wilfrid's is of uncommon pattern.  There are low blank arches and odd, barbaric figures.

December 2014

Oak reredos by Thompson of Kilburn.

His signature mouse can just be seen a little above and to the right of the right hand altar candle.

https:////en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thompson_(designer) 

DB 15 July 2018 

Highly carved C17 chair"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1062909 

DB 3 November 2018

"C17 pulpit of 2 decorated panels with daisyheads and geometrical patterning"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1062909 

Church Guide states that the Jacobean pulpit was installed by Rev'd Robert Clarke who was Rector from 1616 to 1656. 

DB 3 November 2018

Pulpit presumably dating from the 1933 restoration.

DB 8 September 2019

Kelly's Directory of Lincolnshire 1919 states :-

"The fumed oak pulpit was presented in 1912 in memory of the Rev. A. H. Staffurth M.A. vicar 1906-10"

DB 21 December 2018

The altar and carved reredos behind were fitted in the chancel at the time of the 1896 restoration.

Valerie Hinkins, c.1980

The pulpit, described by Pevsner as naively carved, dates from 1890.

Valerie Hinkins, c.1980 

"C19 polygonal pulpit"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1359500 

DB 14 February 2019

"C15 traceried wooden screen with central portion c1927"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1194848 

DB 12 November 2018

The chancel is divided from the nave by these slender posts and splendid ogee arches.

In Pevsner's words: Their crockets have an unmistakably Georgian featheriness.

May 2013

The pulpit, in painted panelled timber, dates from the Georgian refurbishment of the church.

September 2018

A richly decorated tester of painted wood in Gothick style was fixed above the pulpit in the Georgian church.

It is now attached to the wall above boards inscribed with the Ten Commandments at the west end of the north aisle.

May 2013

"C19 pulpit of 2 panelled sides, one containing relief of Magi with Virgin and child"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1359659 

Church Guide states that the pulpit came from the private chapel of Lord Brougham who was a relative of the then Rector Rev. Richard Hippisley Domenichetti. 

DB 3 September 2018

C19 wooden pulpit.

DB 9 September 2018

The timber roof with tie-beams, arched braces and bosses dates from the sixteenth century.

April 2018

Crudely fashioned steps and pulpit base from two tree boles are unusual.  This appears to be modern work.

August 2013

The pews and pulpit are from the earlier church on this site.

July 2012

C19 pulpit.

DB 12 May 2019

C19 pulpit.

DB 12 May 2019

DB 3 August 2019

The pulpit and tester in St Botolph's church, Boston.  It is dated 1612 and has a Georgian stair.

March 2013

Presumably an original fitting from 1910 made from stained deal.

DB 20 February 2019

"Wooden nave roof is C20 copy of original C15 roof"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1360529 

Blackening from the 1962 fire can be seen on the nave arches.

The angels are casts of the charred originals. 

Organ case to the left. 

DB 1 December 2018

A depiction of the Lincolnshire bagpipes being played.

DB 5 December 2018

There is a brass plaque dedicating the pulpit :-

"THIS PULPIT IS DEDICATED BY ALEXANDER S. AND ALBINIA F. LESLIE MELVILLE TO THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN THANKFUL REMEMBRANCE OF HIS PROTECTING AND PRESERVING MERCIES VOUCHSAFED TO THEIR SON CHARLES LE D. LESLIE MELVILLE. WHO SERVED IN THE THE 3RD BATTN GRENADIER GUARDS THROUGH THE WAR IN SOUTH AFRICA. 1900-1902"

DB 1 December 2018

Pulpit by Bodley, 1890.

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1147497 

DB 2 July 2018

Bratoft church has a fine range of poppy-head bench ends. This one depicts a pair of birds.

May 2016

Bratoft church has a fine range of poppy-head bench ends. This one depicts a pair of clinging figures.

May 2016

C19 pulpit.

Church was "refurnished in 1883 by the noted Victorian church architect William White"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1204035 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_White_(architect) 

DB 16 December 2018

"The C17 pulpit has been almost totally reconstructed in C19"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1359927 

Pevsner comments "pulpit. A fine piece, given in 1646 (price £100)"

DB 31 August 2019

Burgh-le-Marsh, has outstanding Jacobean woodwork in the pulpit, font cover & north chapel screen.

Jabez Good, village barber, writer, museum curator and much more, carved the lectern in 1874.

"17th century wooden lectern which reuses a handsome late 17th century Corinthian capital with fine acanthus leaves and shells, which is believed came from the London Wren church of St Mildred in the Poultry in the City of London"

https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org/explore-churches/st-helen-burgh-on-bain?map_link=true 

DB 9 September 2018

"All fittings are C19 including stone altar rails, octagonal font and facetted ashlar pulpit"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1359948 

DB 9 September 2018

"C15 chancel screen having panel traceried bays with cusped and crocketed ogee arches, with Alpha and Omega over the centre"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1308528 

DB 9 June 2018

"A fine C15 panelled pulpit on C19 base"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1308528 

DB 9 June 2018 

Cadney church has three fine 15th century oak screens. It has been suggested that they came from Newstead Priory which was situated about a mile away.

February 2015

"C18 wooden pulpit"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1360553

DB 13 June 2018

"C15 screen, much restored"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1360553 

DB 13 June 2018

"C14 screen of 3 panels restored in C19. It has ogee tracery with rosettes, a central 4-centred arch with elaborate cusping"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1062912 

DB 24 September 2018

"C14 pulpit restored in C19, with similar tracery and rosettes as on screen decorating 5 panels and a 2 panelled door.

Ornate octagonal hood and pulpit supported by a large octagonal wooden column"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1062912 

DB 24 September 2018

The original Perpendicular screen has survived at Coates.  Even more unusual is the survival of the coving and loft with parapet above.

June 2013

The screen at Coates is a fine survival from the Perpendicular period.

June 2013

The roof above the nave.

April 2016

The robust and much repaired roof timbers of the roof with king posts.

June 2015

Pulpit presumably from the 1860 restoration.

DB 27 June 2018

The restoration work of Bodley in 1883-84 included the screen between nave and chancel.

Only a small lower portion of the rood is thought to be original.

May 2012

"Pews and pulpit are C20"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1063109 

DB 8 September 2019

A bench door with simple tracery.

May 2016

This early seventeenth century pulpit (dated 1615), finely decorated, with tester, is said to be the pattern for that at nearby Burgh le Marsh.

May 2016

The carved inscription under the reading ledge of the pulpit. William Worship was the priest here in 1615.

May 2016

Detail of the carved decoration around the pulpit.

May 2016

Presumably an original fitting from 1925.

DB 19 February 2019

Wooden chest in the nave.

July 2011

Attractive straight headed bench end.

June 2014

An attractive straight-headed bench end at All Saints church.

June 2014

"The oak screen has ogee headed central opening, with a pair of 2 light panels to each side surmounted by coved and brattished top"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1062370 

DB 16 September 2018

"PETER AND JOHN AT THE BEAUTIFUL GATE"

One of a pair of carved wooden panels located in the chancel.  

DB 11 August 2018

Dismantled pulpit in corner of south aisle.

DB 11 August 2018

C19 pulpit.

DB 9 September 2018

Detail of the C19 screen.

DB 12 May 2019

C19 pulpit.

DB 8 September 2019

"The splendid pulpit of c.1918 has openwork carving and symbols of the Evangelist"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1165045 

In memory of Sir Montague Cholmeley of Norton Hall who was killed in the First World War.

DB 12 May 2019

"Pews, alter rail, pulpit and lectern of 1908"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1063689 

DB 9 September 2018

C19 pulpit.

DB 8 September 2019

C19 pulpit and tester at the east end of the nave.

Organ can be seen behind in the north aisle. 

DB 11 March 2019

"In 1598 Francis Trigge, Rector of Welbourn, near Leadenham in Lincolnshire, arranged for a library to be set up in the room over the South Porch of St Wulfram's Church, Grantham for the use of the clergy and the inhabitants of the town and Soke.

The borough was responsible for furnishing the porchroom and Trigge undertook to supply books to the value of "one hundred poundes or thereaboutes".

"The library was the first in England to be endowed for use outside an institution such as a school or college.

It is perhaps slightly misleading to call it "the first public library" but nevertheless its use was not the prerogative of a private group"

"The library has always been in the parvise over the south porch"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Trigge_Chained_Library 

DB 2 July 2018

"C19 pulpit, lectern and pews"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1062882 

DB 11 March 2019 

A notice displayed on the chapel noticeboard in part reads :-

"It is known that at the beginning of the eighteenth century the Services were once a Sunday at Somerby Church, and once at Humby Chapel, and this arrangement continued down to a time within the memory of persons still living.

In 1876 the Chapel was re-roofed and the Interior renovated, the whitewash was cleaned off the walls, open seats were substituted for square pews, and a new font provided. Parts at least of the old pulpit and reading desk were preserved in their modern successors. 

After this restoration, services continued until 1961, when the Chapel was closed. Shortly afterwards, all the contents were removed and the building abandoned until 1979, when the Lincolnshire Old Churches Trust was granted a lease of it. After repairs to the roof, bellcote and floor the Chapel was reopened on 20 July 1980"

DB 22 March 2019

The Church Guide compiled by Revd R Rose 1976 states :-

"The Screen appears to have had a somewhat chequered history.

An early nineteenth century writer says, "... the old oak Chancel screen now cuts off the westernmost bay of the North Aisle to serve as a lobby."

A faculty was issued in 1946 for the provision of a children's corner but no mention is made of moving the Screen.

It is unknown whether the Reverend Richard Bingham moved it to its present position and if that was the reason for his nameplate. 

"Beginnings of decay" were noted and repaired circa 1930" 

DB 28 July 2018 

This interior view towards the east end shows the seventeenth century communion rail from Foscott church, Buckinghamshire.

Mortice holes in the beams indicate that there was once a lower flat ceiling.

September 2011

The finely made roof has tie beams with bosses alternating with stiff angel figures carrying thin braces.

June 2015

"C19 octagonal pulpit with cusped traceried panels"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1147298 

DB 19 May 2019

"At the west end of the nave is a probably C15 square timber framed belfry having curved braces, chamfered principles, of 2 stages.

Access to the bell chamber is provided by a possibly contemporary ladder.

The framing has been repaired later with diagonal stiffening members coach bolted to the earlier frame"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1215674 

DB 21 January 2019

"Panelled C18 pulpit has a tester and below it are seats in boxes made from re- used C17 wainscotting"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1215674 

DB 21 January 2019

"An impressive collection of woodwork comprising re-set elements of the C15 screen having cusped ogee arches with panel travery and 2 large family pews to the north and east sides of the north aisle are constructed of C15 woodwork.

They have massive sleeper beams from which rise panels containing blank cusped ogee arches, above are paired lights, now with missing mullions replaced by later pendants, above which are pierced cusped heads and a coved and brattished cornice"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1215674 

DB 21 January 2019

The interior of St Andrew, Hannah, reveals box pews, a two-decker pulpit and Georgian altar rails.

Mark Acton, 2008

Medieval bench end with a shield enclosing the stigmata.

DB 25 September 2018

Church suffered major restorations in 1890-91 during which the north aisle was removed.

Pulpit presumably provided as part of those restorations. 

DB 25 September 2018

Seventeenth century benches have ogee tops surmounted by a variety of turned knobs.

June 2017

Presumably dates from 1840 when the church was opened for worship.

DB 24 March 2019

C19 pulpit.

DB 19 December 2018

Pine benches have decorative 'poppy heads', possibly dating from the 1870 restoration by Charles Kirk.

June 2017

Pine benches have decorative 'poppy heads', possibly dating from the 1870 restoration by Charles Kirk.

June 2017

One of two fine C16 chairs.

DB 18 February 2019

A second C16 chair with the carved figures of Adam & Eve

DB 18 February 2019

C20 pulpit.

DB 18 February 2019

Near the south door is this wooden almsbox bearing the inscriptions: This is God's Treasury and on the adjacent side Cast one mite into it. 1639

May 2016

The ends of the benches in the chancel have elaborate tracery on them. Pevsner suggests that these have been re-used.

May 2016

The nave roof was rebuilt in the 17th century. The decorated pieces between principal rafters and purlins and the fine mouldings are chacteristic of this period.

May 2016

The knitted poppies were part of an exhibition relating to the First World war centenary.

DB 9 September 2018

C19 pulpit.

DB 10 October 2018

The fine painted chancel ceiling which dates the restoration of the 1890s by Bodley and Garner.

May 2010

C19 pulpit.

DB 16 September 2018

C19 pulpit carved from Ancaster stone.

DB 16 July 2019

Church Guide states that :-

"On October 10th, 1912 the Archdeacon of Stow and Lindsey dedicated the new pulpit at the harvest service. This being a gift from the Allenby family who once lived at Kenwick Hall"

DB 29 June 2019

"Fine C15 rood screen partially restored in C19 with central ogee headed opening flanked by 2 panels, lower sections blind, rich tracery with rosettes and narrow traceried buttresses"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1063692 

DB 29 June 2019

Oak chair made c1300 although the back and canopy are modern.

A Parliament was held in the Chapter House on 20th January 1301 when King Edward I declared his fourth son, Edward of Caernarvon, later King Edward II, to be the first English Prince of Wales. 

Edward II held two Parliaments here in 1316.

Edward III held his first parliament here in 1327.

DB 8 November 2018

Early C18 pulpit which once stood in St Mary's the English church in Rotterdam, Holland and was given by John Churchill, the first Duke of Marlborough, and Queen Anne.

It was not until 1603 that James I ordered churchwardens everywhere to provide pulpits for priests - before then the preacher either stood in front of the altar or preached from the top of the Rood Screen.

DB 14 February 2019

Brass plaque attached to the pulpit explaining how it got to Lincoln form its original home in St Mary's the English church in Rotterdam, Holland.

In memory of Edward White Benson, once Chancellor of Lincoln, then Bishop of Truro, and finally Archbishop of Canterbury. 

DB 14 February 2019

One of four C15 South German lime wood carvings showing scenes from the Passion of Jesus.

Given to the Cathedral in 1940 by Mrs Wells-Cole having been bought from a local antiques shop in the 1930s. 

DB 28 March 2019

The stalls in St Hugh's Choir are in three tiers, with stalls at the rear for canons, below them vicars choral and in the front the choristers.

The stalls date from 1365-70 and were restored in the nineteenth century.

postcard, probably 1930s

Brass eagle lectern given to the Cathedral in 1667 by John Gooche

DB 27 June 2019

Misericord or mercy seat in the Sub-Dean's choir stall c1370.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misericord 

Image shows a falling knight, with an arrow in his back.

DB 30 August 2018

Misericord or mercy seat in the Dean's choir stall c1370.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misericord 

Image shows the Resurrection.

DB 30 August 2018

"C19 half-round traceried stone pulpit"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1388470 

DB 27 July 2019

"Traceried octagonal oak pulpit and sounding board by Fowler"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1388692 

DB 1 August 2019

Throne and chairs.

DB 31 July 2019

Presumably contemporary with the church c.1940.

DB 31 July 2019

C19 pulpit. 

"Octagonal oak skeleton pulpit with sounding board"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1388727 

DB 8 November 2018

C19 pulpit.

DB 8 September 2018

Kelly's Directory of Lincolnshire 1913 states

"the pulpit is of oak, panelled and finished with carved canopies, in which are statuettes of the Apostles"

DB 12 September 2018

Decorated style octagonal pulpit 1848.

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1194836 

DB 4 May 2019

The two-decker pulpit dates from around 1780.

Mark Acton, 2017

"All fittings are 1875, including the facetted wooden pulpit"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1165217 

DB 7 September 2019

"the C19 chancel roof has angel corbels"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1063124 

DB 8 September 2019

Parish chest kept in the north aisle.

DB 8 September 2019

Wooden pulpit presumably dating to 1876 when the church was built.

DB 7 May 2019

C19 pulpit.

DB 24 August 2019

C19 rood loft however the angels on either side may have come from an earlier roof. 

DB 9 November 2018

C19 oak screen and rood-loft.

DB 9 November 2018

C19 pulpit.

DB 9 November 2018

Pevsner states "PULPIT. Of Caen, Ancaster, and red Mansfield stone with green marble columns".

DB 7 December 2019

The interior of St Helen's North Thoresby includes a Royal Arms dated 1722 and several fine bench ends from the early sixteenth-century.

September 2012

View across the nave and into the south aisle.

Pevsner comments "BOX PEWS. A complete set, installed as late as 1841 (according to the vestry minutes)"

Historic England has "C18 box pews"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1261895 

DB 8 September 2019

C19 pulpit & lectern.

DB 8 September 2019

"The church was reordered in 2000 when the choir stalls were removed, floors levelled, new chairs installed, the pulpit was reduce in size and made more accessible.

The main inner entrance doors were changed from wood panels to glass panels, a loop system and CCTV cameras installed.

The heating system has also been replaced"

http://www.nhallsaints.co.uk/images/media/parishprofile.pdf 

DB 17 January 2019

St Helen's in North Thoresby contains several bench ends of around 1530-35 with the initials of those who gave them.

Mark Acton, 2016

St Helen's in North Thoresby contains several bench ends of around 1530-35 with the initials of those who gave them.

Mark Acton, 2016

The church's parish chest - a small and crude, iron-bound with a complex lock but constructed in soft-wood.

October 2016

St Peter and St Paul’s has a fine 14th century sedilia and beautifully carved medieval bench ends.

The font is Norman.

September 2013

St Andrew's has medieval benches with square ends and simple tracery.

September 2013

The 14th century screen was restored in the nineteenth century.  It has ogee arches with delicate tracery above.

The two-decker pulpit dates from 1693.

September 2013

C19 pulpit.

DB 14 February 2019

Given in memory of Thomas Clements (1871 — 1899).

The Church History by Christopher J. Micklethwaite 2017 states :-

"The tablet on the wall nearby refers to his death in the Greek hospital, Alexandria. Egypt.

He had moved there as an engineer but fell victim to typhoid fever" 

DB 18 November 2019

C19 pulpit.

DB 18 November 2019

The ends of several benches of medieval origin are carved with poppy heads.

September 2013

"The nave roof is C15 and braced with human mask corbels"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1261821

DB 6 August 2018

Parish chest at west end of the nave.

DB 24 August 2019

C19 pulpit.

DB 10 December 2018

Poppy headed pew ends.

DB 9 September 2018

Poppy headed pew ends.

DB 9 September 2018

Kelly's Directory of Lincolnshire 1919 states

"The oak pulpit was presented by the pupils of the Rev. Thomas White B.A. vicar 1860-91:

DB 9 September 2018

Carved angel corbel immediately to the east of the chancel arch.

DB 1 November 2019

"Hammer-beam roofs with carved angel corbels to nave and chancel"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1083612 

DB 14 December 2018

"several benches and stalls, C14 and C15, with unusual poppyheads"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1236949 

DB 6 February 2019 

"several benches and stalls, C14 and C15, with unusual poppyheads"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1236949 

DB 6 February 2019

"several benches and stalls, C14 and C15, with unusual poppyheads"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1236949 

DB 6 February 2019

"restored traceried panelled oak pulpit dated 1634, on C19 stone base"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1236949 

DB 6 February 2019 

Probably dates from 1855/6  when the existing pews were installed and the church refurbished.

DB 3 August 2019

Many of the bench ends in the church are decorated with poppy heads of traditional design.

April 2016

Several of the bench ends in the chancel are decorated with figures.

October 2016

C19 pulpit part of James Fowler's restoration 1871-2.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fowler_(architect) 

DB 14 August 2018

C19 pulpit.

DB 1 September 2019

Parish chest in the nave at St Mary and St Andrew.

July 2011

C19 pulpit.

A brass plaque at the base of the pulpit reads :-

"TO THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF WORK DONE FOR HIM DURING FIVE YEARS IN THE PARISH OF GRANTHAM BY HIS FAITHFUL SERVANT IN CHRIST PHILIP JAMES EARLE WELBY RECTOR OF THIS PARISH AD 1867 - 73"

DB 24 April 2019

"C19 pulpit"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1360092 

DB 28 August 2018 

C19 panelled ashlar pulpit with cusped arches.

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1360195 

DB 17 November 2018

Shelves at top to hold twelve bread loaves.

Kelly's Directory of Lincolnshire 1919 states :-

There is a rent-charge of £2 12s. left by Charles Bertie, in 1730, which is distributed in bread. 

DB 17 November 2018

Presumably dating from Fowler's 1879 rebuild.

DB 31 August 2019

Medieval square-headed bench end.

June 2014

Medieval square-headed bench end.

June 2014

Medieval square-headed bench end.

June 2014

Four sets of wrought iron hat pegs (for 32 hats) on the nave walls are from the Georgian period.  They are an unusual and rare survival.

June 2013

Presumably dating from the 1912 rebuild.

DB 2 April 2019

The screen has one-light divisions, each with round arches with ogee arches over and panelled tracery.

July 2016

This is a Jacobean pulpit in oak, complete with original door. It has panelled sides and arabesques.

July 2016

The nave roof is an unsophisticated structure of tie-beams and queen posts. It dates from the Perpendicular period.

On the wall (above the chancel arch) are Royal Arms of the eigthteenth century.

July 2016

"19C wooden pulpit"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1061972 

DB 16 June 2018

"19C, perpendicular style rood screen"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1061972 

DB 16 June 2018

Bench ends in the church are straight headed with crudely cut tracery motifs and, in this instance, a tree.

September 2013

"Fine ornate octagonal wooden pulpit of 1626, originally from St Leonards Chapel, Kirkstead, complete with ornate octagonal sounding board"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1063484 

DB 22 December 2019

The kingpost roof of the nave carries the date 1676, as well as the date of its repair in 1803.

September 2014

"Fittings: all C19"

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1308708 

DB 6 May 2018

A bench end in the chancel showing the Devil licking the back of someone at prayer.

Mark Acton, 2016

In the tower is a ladder - repaired but thankfully not replaced - wonderfully described by Nikolaus Pevsner as ‘primeval’.

August 2013