SLHA members were entertained by three excellent illustrated talks at Jews' Court on Sunday 20 November.

Derek Broughton described the pumping station at Wiggenhall St Germans where four huge pumps made by Gwynnes in Lincoln had lifted water from the Middle Level Drain to the river Ouse three miles south of Kings Lynn.

Constructed in 1934 in concrete with simple but attractive Art Deco features, the two pumping houses latterly contained a mixture of diesel and electric motors and, located between them, a substantial sluice. The building was surveyed and photographed by the SLHA IA Team in February 2010 shortly before its demolition and replacement by a larger electrically powered station downstream.

David Start spoke about the project on Lincolnshire Medieval Crosses he and Hilary Healey are working on. Many of the crosses with religious connotations were destroyed or severely damaged during the Civil War but a surprisingly large number survive (e.g. Gelstern, Whaplode, Marton).

Other crosses relate to activities such as markets (Burwell, Spilsby, Metheringham) and preaching (Holbeach, Epworth); some are boundary stones (Crowland) or are memorials (Whaplode/Moulton).

There are plague stones (Alford, Somersby, Partney); Deeping St James has a lock-up inside (illustrated right); and the stone at Wrangle has been converted into a sundial.

David and Hilary are tracking down all Lincolnshire crosses and, through Heritage Trust for Lincolnshire, intend to publish an account and gazetteer of their work.

John Wilford traced the development of Standing Stones in the British Isles. Examples have been found from the Bronze Age of huge wooden posts with uncertain significance.

Standing stones, about 3 metres high, survive on Anglesey; they are thought to be related to ritual activities or serve as boundary markers. In the churchyard at Rudston, East Yorkshire (illustrated left), there is an 8 metre stone dating from 1600 BC; legends abound about this stone and the reasons for its proximity to the church.

Inscriptions on stones became common from the 5th century AD and examples from around the country - including Lincoln - demonstrate the development of the cross (chi-rho) and use of decoration in the form of interlacing patterns and anthropological depictions.

At St. Hugh's Hall in Lincoln on 16 November, Dr Steve Willis of the University of Kent gave the final archaeology talk of the year, describing the fieldwork that he has been undertaking in the Lincolnshire Wolds since 1998. There have been two main focuses: at Mount Pleasant near to Nettleton, and at Hatcliffe Top further east, near to Barnoldby le Beck (where he has been aided by volunteers from the NE Lincolnshire Archaeological Society).

The principal focus of the work has been on the Iron Age and Roman periods, Dr Willis's main area of expertise. Both areas were capable of being exploited for the production of food, metal objects and pottery for shipping to the Northern frontier or even to the Roman Rhineland.

But there was probably also a ritual centre at Mount Pleasant, with possible prehistoric precedents. At Hatcliffe, there appeared to be farming - both arable and pastoral - well into the latest Roman period, again possibly linked to supplying the army.

A conference, organised by the SLHA Industrial Archaeology Team, was held in Lincoln on 5 November 2012. Over 60 members and others attended.

In a morning devoted to country house technology, Dr Ian West of Leicester University traced the use of gas and electricity as lighting and energy sources; Chris Lester examined the various means of delivering potable water to houses and farmsteads; Ken Redmore gave an account of the sewage treatment plant at Canwick Hall, which had been surveyed by the IA team; Stewart Squires spoke about the unusual tramway at Harlaxton House.

Surveys and studies by the IA team were reported after lunch through presentations on Stamford Canal (Barry Barton), Caistor Canal (Chris Padley), Holdingham Watermill (Ken Hollamby), Horncastle Wheelwright's Oven (Ken Redmore), Pulhamite in Lincoln (Ken Hollamby) and Grimsby Ice House (Chris Lester)

October's archaeology talk in Lincoln provided Professor Andrew Poulter of Nottingham University with another opportunity to bring members up to date with his current research studying the end of the Roman period in Bulgaria.

Excavations in the past two years have concentrated on a small fortress with impressive walls at Dobri Dyal, where the Roman coin series ended in the mid-5th century, as this region was attacked by Attila the Hun. An added bonus in 2011 was the remains of a megalithic Bronze Age monument.

Particularly impressive was the dedication of the student workforce, garnered from various British universities, who had to rise daily at 5am and work in searing heat, and watch out for vipers!

Over 100 people attended the annual SLHA Archaeology Conference at the Riseholme campus of the University of Lincoln on Saturday 15 October. Several of the current applications of science to the practice and understanding of archaeology were explored by a team of well-qualified speakers.

Speakers and their topics were:

• Steve Malone (Archaeological Project Services, Heckington) - Lidar Survey in the Fenland;
• Peter Marshall (Archaeologist) - Recent Advances in Radiocarbon Dating;
• Robert Howard (Nottingham Tree-Ring Dating Laboratory) - Tree-Ring Dating;
• Ian Bailiff (Durham University) - Use of Brick by Medieval Builders;
• Gundula Muldner (Reading University) - Population Diversity in Roman Britain;
• Naomi Sykes (Nottingham University) - Animal Bones and Archaeology;
• Ron Dixon (Lincoln University) - Forensic Sciences;

The event was organised by Dr Mick Jones (City of Lincoln Archaeologist) and Rod Callow (SLHA).

On 21 September, Louth-based expert Thomas Green spoke about Lincolnshire and Anglo-Saxon England. His primary message to the audience in Lincoln was that this area was not peripheral, but a symbolic prize that was fought over by other kingdoms.

The Lincoln district itself remained a major political centre under the control of sub-Roman Britons, not Anglo-Saxons, well into the 6th century AD. There are also indications that groups from this area colonised parts of North-eastern England, including Lindisfarne (people from Lindsey).

Tom's book on this controversial topic, the subject of his Oxford doctoral thesis, will be published in a few months' time by the History of Lincolnshire Committee. 

John Wilford, Roman Catholic deacon and SLHA vice-chairman, gave a fascinating account of "catholic dissent" in north Lincolnshire from the Reformation to the nineteenth century in a lecture at Caistor Town Hall on 13 September. This was the annual Leach Lecture, held in memory of the eminent local historian Terence Leach (1937-94), arranged this year jointly by SLHA and Caistor Community Archives and Heritage Group.

One of the strongest opponents of Henry VIII's claim of supremacy in 1535 was Augustine Webster of Axholme Priory; in the following year Caistor men joined the Lincolnshire Rising. In the years that followed several wealthy families of the area (notably Tyrwhitt, Heneage, Constable, Fitzwilliam) maintained the old faith as recusants at considerable risk.

Young Lincolnshire men trained on the Continent to be priests (often under the Jesuit order), but life expectancy was very short when they returned to England to practise their profession. In the 17th century Twigmoor Hall (near Scunthorpe) was a centre for the area's papists - the Gunpowder Plotters are associated with it.

Under the reign of the Catholic James II (1685-88) information about papist numbers and distribution becomes available: there were significant groups in or around Market Rasen, Clixby, Kingerby and Hainton.

After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Catholics were again driven underground but over the next century oppression gradually eased and informal gatherings took place. The Relief Acts of the late eighteenth century allowed dissenting religious groups to meet in public.

Among the Catholic churches of north Lincolnshire built in this period were those at Market Rasen (1791, the first public one in Lincolnshire) and Osgodby (1793, occupying the first floor of a domestic building). Caistor's RC Church, established later in the 19th century, has been created from a former printing works.

Dr Simon Pawley delivered the annual Brackenbury Lecture at Raithby Methodist Church on Saturday 9 July. His subject was "Lord Hussey and the Lincolnshire and Yorkshire Risings of 1536". Dr Pawley, an expert on Lord Hussey's home town of Sleaford, explained that his continued research had altered his views as to why Lord Hussey had been executed on Henry VIII's orders - not, as generally thought for his conduct before and during the initial rebellion in Lincolnshire, but in fact for his close personal and family ties to the leading Yorkshire rebels.

The speaker offered interesting evidence that Hussey was set up by the Duke of Norfolk and walked into the trap. Dr Pawley made a good job of explaining the complicated family and political connections between the leading players of the day and the audience showed their considerable appreciation at the end of the talk.

Our thanks go to Dr Pawley, the local Methodist minister, and the ladies of Spilsby and Old Bolingbroke Methodist churches for the excellent tea.

On 29 June Marilyn Palmer, Emeritus Professor, Leicester University, gave a fascinating illustrated lecture in Lincoln to SLHA about the technology introduced into English country houses from the mid-nineteenth century onwards.

Professor Palmer is currently working with the National Trust to identify water supply, sewage disposal, gasworks, lighting, heating and communications features in their properties. Though often overlooked, a surprising amount of material evidence remains in many notable houses and the associated outbuildings.

It is hoped that managers of NT sites will make more of these features, which throw much light on the daily life patterns of owners and their staff.

Marcus Craythorne spoke to the Spalding History Group on 24 May about Willow Tree Fen, part of the fenland which stretches from Rippingale to Bourne, bordered by the river Glen to the south and a number of flood drains to the north. (Willow Tree Farm is actually at the point where the South Forty-Foot Drain decants into the Glen.)

There is evidence of Roman settlement in the area.

Currently the Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust, new owners of the area around the farm, are introducing a public information centre in derelict farm buildings and setting up bird observation hides.

SLHA held its Annual General Meeting in Burgh le Marsh on Saturday 18 June. The Burgh History Group acted as hosts for the day and the town's Women's Institute Hall was a comfortable and well-equipped venue. The W.I. also served an excellent lunch.

At the AGM, conducted by SLHA President Dr Michael Jones, the following key officers were elected for 2011/12: Stewart Squires - Chairman; Chris Lester and John Wilford - Vice-Chairmen. A satisfactory year, both financially and in terms of activities, was reported.

The Flora Murray Award for 2010 was made to Sue Edlington and Dr David Rose for their book Rose Brothers (Gainsborough) Ltd, and SLHA Awards of Excellence were presented to David Robinson for Adam Eve and Louth Carpets; and the Story of Eve and Ranshaw Ltd, and to the Fiskerton History and Archaeology Group (Sally Scott) for Yellowbelly Youth: A Fiskerton Boyhood by Fred Thompson. A special presentation was also made to Steven Betteridge for 20 years continuous service as Secretary of the SLHA Industrial Archaeology Team.

After lunch members of the Burgh History Group led tours around the town, which included the fine medieval church and the windmill. We are grateful to our hosts for providing an excellent day - and for somehow keeping the showers at bay.

Adam Daubney of Lincolnshire County Council, whose job is to collect all the information on casual finds from the county, many made using metal detectors, spoke to the Society on Wednesday 8 June. To date, 28,000 finds have emerged from Lincolnshire soil since the establishment of the Portable Antiquities Scheme.

Adam explained the legal background to the scheme, and the impact that it was making on our understanding. He argued that many of the finds were made in the ploughsoil and as such were prone to damage from further ploughing. There is certainly a range of stunning finds from every period, from prehistoric to Modern. They include Iron Age gold coins, many Roman metal objects including jewellery, an important Saxon site at Heckington, Islamic artefacts brought by Vikings to their winter camp at Torksey, a hoard of Edward I silver coins, and even Spanish-American coins probably belonging to the British Secretary of State for War in the Napoleonic period.

Adam has made particular studies of certain categories, especially for the Roman period. He has demonstrated that rings inscribed 'TOT', for the god Mars Toutatis, have a distribution limited largely to the Corieltavi tribe of the East Midlands.

On Wednesday 18 May, Dr Glyn Coppack, an authority on medieval monasteries, spoke about Lincolnshire's monasteries, on which he is currently researching a book for the History of Lincolnshire series. He covered briefly the Anglo-Saxon sites, which David Stocker had shown to have lain on 'island' sites and often associated with prehistoric features, as well as the great number of medieval establishments.

Among these were Bardney (currently the subject of fieldwork), a monastery with sculptural detail more akin to York Minster than to Lincoln Cathedral, Partney, his own excavations at Thornholme, and of course Gilbertine monasteries including not only Sempringham but also North Ormsby.

Among the urban friaries, Glyn discussed his ideas on the Lincoln Greyfriars. This certainly whetted our appetite for the book to come next year!

David Lambourne talked about this topic to an audience of over 50 at the South Holland History Group in Spalding on 15 April.

The Martyrs were Methodists from a Dorset village trying to help people get a fair wage to live on. The Authorities and the Courts would not tolerate any type of rebellion and took steps to ensure that the five men were made an example of and they were sentenced to deportation. Four were sent to Botany Bay in Australia and the fifth man, who was classed as their leader, was sent to Tasmania. They all served many years before being pardoned.

The men all had to make a difficult decision before they were sentenced, to apologise to the Court for their actions and see their families starve or stick to their beliefs and be deported.

Those who want to know about their association with Lincolnshire must refer to David Lambourne's book.

On Wednesday 13 April, Professor Philip Dixon described some of the recent investigations that he has been undertaking or overseeing at Lincoln Castle and Cathedral, which have revealed some remarkable new evidence.

A trench inside the castle's east gate had brought to light a substantial stone wall, and a circular staircase tower. This had a buried doorway in its west side, leading to what must have been a covered passageway.

Another investigation, related to the improved presentation of the castle's Lucy Tower, had found retaining walls in the bank, to help minimise slumping. Under the lawn north of the east-west road, the regular site of marquees, indications of a medieval building and Saxo-Norman timber structure were found at a shallow depth.

At the cathedral, emergency excavations were undertaken when resurfacing outside the west front revealed graves. Some of these were in coffins of Norman date, and in at least one case a coffin had been cut through by the west wall of the first cathedral, confirming that an important church already stood here in the Late Saxon period. The new Norman front recalls late Roman and Saxon arched strucutres. Professor Dixon has written a booklet on the design of the frieze and its analogues, available from the Cathedral Shop.

A varied programme of three short illustrated lectures was enjoyed by a packed audience at Jews' Court on Sunday 27 March.

David Clowes spoke about the Grade 1 Sneath's Mill at Lutton Gowt near Long Sutton. This brick-built mill dating from 1779 has a hexagonal plan similar to that of a smock mill. It is recognised as providing a link in the development of post-mills into tower mills. The structure, after years of almost total neglect, has recently been restored through generous local and Lottery funding. The current concern is to find a viable future use for the building.

The stained glass windows designed by Albert Lemmon were the subject of Jean Howard's presentation. Lemmon, a designer based in the West Midlands, was responsible for windows at Helpringham (whose rector had previously served in the Birmingham area), Anwick, Metheringham, Quadring and Wrangle over the period 1937-1950. Although not regarded highly by Pevsner, the windows are very thoughtfully designed and contain intriguing local contemporary detail.

Craig Spence, senior lecturer at Bishop Grosseteste University College, has led an archaeological investigation of a Roman villa site at Sudbrooke, five miles east of Lincoln. This has involved large numbers of students, school pupils and members of the community.

Over four seasons of digging evidence has built up for a small building (perhaps a "pavilion") with associated cistern or water feature. Artefacts (still being assessed and catalogued) include many tesserae, painted wall plaster fragments, coins, pottery and lead piping.

The South Holland History Group enjoyed another well presented and informative lecture on Friday 25th March 2011 when Katherine Storr talked about The Great War and the Belgian Refugees. The audience was touched by the plight of these people and was very interested to learn that a number of the children and families were housed in Spalding, some with local families others in church halls and Ayscoughfee Hall.

(Ayscoughfee Hall is a beautiful house built in the mid-fourteen hundreds which still stands today and is a highlight of Spalding for any visitor.)

To learn more about the refugees and their stay in Lincolnshire Katherine Storr's book is well worth reading.

On Wednesday 16 March, Colin Palmer-Brown, Director of Pre-Construct Archaeological Services, spoke to an SLHA audience in Lincoln about the recent excavations at Navenby that have revealed an impressive range of prehistoric and Roman remains.

Colin articulated a complex sequence of occupation from the early prehistoric period. There are slight indications of a henge monument, c.130 metres in diameter, still to be explored. Finds of Bronze Age urns could mean that there was a barrow cemetery in the area. Late Iron Age discoveries included enclosure ditches containing large round-houses that probably represent a homestead occupied as late as the early Roman period.

As with several similar sites in the county, no Roman fort has yet been discovered in spite of finds of early military artefacts, reinforcing the idea that there was a prehistoric predecessor to Ermine Street. The main Roman settlement, from the second century AD, took the form of ribbon development along Ermine Street, with a possible official posting-station (mansio) set back to the east of the road.

Several adjacent buildings on the western side of the road were excavated in 2009, and burials, possibly in family plots, were found to their rear. An estimate suggests a built-up area c.900m long, with a population in excess of 500. There were also signs of ritual behaviour, including feasting. Some burials and occupation appeared to belong to the early Saxon period.

Detailed publication of the investigations is now at editorial stage.

The Society's annual residential conference was held at Bishop Grosseteste University College, Lincoln over the weekend 18 to 20 February. The speakers on the wartime theme were:

• Steve Malone (Archaeological Project Services, Heckington) - The Roman Occupation of Lincolnshire;
• Jonathan Clark (Field Archaeology Specialists, York) - The Battle of Lincoln Fair (1217) and Lincoln Castle;
• Clive Holmes (University of Oxford) - The Civilian Experience of War in Lincolnshire, 1642-46;
• Mike Osborne (author/researcher) - Defending Lincolnshire in the 20th Century;
• Terry Hancock (author) - The Lincolnshire Bomber Airfield, World War 2;
• Peter Robinson (retired engineer & author) - Lincoln's Industries in World War 1;
• Chris Lester (retired electronics engineer) - Stenigot: a Pioneering Radar Station;
• Claire Hubbard-Hall (OU and BGC tutor) - POW Graffiti in Lincolnshire: 1939-48.

On 16 February, Kevin Leahy spoke about the Staffordshire Hoard in his engagingly lucid and droll style to an appreciative audience of well over a hundred. Kevin is currently one of the national experts studying the finds - the largest Anglo-Saxon gold hoard since Sutton Hoo seventy years ago.

There were 240 bags of objects, as well as many tiny fragments in earth, adding up to 5kg of gold (more than three times the amount found at Sutton Hoo) and 1.44kg of silver. The largest object was a processional cross, but most consist of military equipment, including hilts from sword pommels with remarkable decoration, but no blades.

There were no objects associated with women, nor any male dress-fittings.

This all suggests trophy collection, perhaps following successful battles, dating to somewhere in the 7th century.

The circumstances of the hoard's burial remain uncertain, but it all appears to have been ritually deposited, and only cast up by the plough in the previous year to its discovery in 2009.

For images of objects in the hoard go to the Staffordshire Hoard Website.

On the same occasion as the Branston history talks on 30 January, Catherine Wilson gave an illustrated presentation on Karl Wood, the artist renowned for his painting of windmills.

Wood, born in Derbyshire, served in WW1 and then lived in Gainsborough as teacher, musician and artist. From the 1930s he undertook many trips around the UK - usually by train and bicycle - and at a phenomenal rate made water colour sketches of surviving windmills (over 1200 of them).

Much of his collection of paintings and his meticulously kept notebooks are at The Collection in Lincoln.

Note: The Karl Wood paintings held at The Collection can be viewed on the County Council website.

On Sunday 30 January a packed audience at Jews' Court heard Ken Redmore and Chris Lester talk about gas and water supplies in Branston, near Lincoln. The Melville family at Branston Hall erected a private gasworks, initially to light their home and later extended to the parish church and parts of the village. Gasholder pits remain but other firm information about the gasworks (built in the 1850s) is patchy.

Water supply to the Hall and other principal houses in the village also creates an intriguing story; a very fine water-wheel, once supplemented by engines of various types, remains as an important monument. Ken Hollamby described the assemblage of buildings in the vicinity of the gasworks; he argued that this was originally the site of a farmstead in the 17th or 18th century, complete with barn, shelter/shed and farmhouse.

On Wednesday 19 January at the monthly SLHA meeting on archaeology, Dr Michael Jones, SLHA President, described the records made of Lincoln's archaeology by local architect and surveyor Michael Drury during the construction of the city's sewers in 1887-78.

Drury's notebooks show how Roman features in various parts of the Lincoln were exposed by the excavations and what interpretation Drury put on them.

His conjectures were generally sound, and this account of the city's hidden evidence is both fascinating and valuable.